Evolution: Fact or Fiction? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Development: Fact or Fiction? Probably the best inquiry ever is: The place the hell did we originate from? One of the most mainstream answers to this inquiry is creationism, the possibility that everything was made by a higher being. Another thought is advancement, the possibility that every single living being plunged from a less mind boggling living being. Best in class in the only remaining century, advancement has another perspective that is by and large extraordinarily acknowledged by mainstream researchers. Notwithstanding this reality numerous individuals contend that advancement has no realities to help it and there are a few reasons why development can't occur. Development is the progressive change in a life forms genetic supply after some time, essentially advancement is portrayed in any adjustment in the hereditary cosmetics of a living being. The most effortless approach to show this is by expressing instances of low level advancement as it has been watched. The best know instance of this sort occurred in England during the modern advancement. There were two assortments of the English Peppered moth before the upheaval, a light and a dull hued moth. The dull moth was practically nonexistent, as it was simple for predators to get on the light shaded trees. As the mechanical upheaval advanced, the measure of contamination noticeable all around turned the trees a residue shading, and thus the light moths were simple for predators to spot. The light shaded peppered moth everything except ceased to exist, and was very nearly elimination while the dull hued moth was flourishing. Over the most recent quite a few years the contamination in Englan d has dropped and white moth is making a return, and the dull moth is going back towards blankness. (Harter) Â The moth model is considered by numerous individuals to show development, yet individuals against the possibility of advancement state it isn't. The main thing that it indicated was that nature utilizes regular determination to get rid of the more vulnerable of the stocks. The moth case is an away from of normal choice not advancement in light of the fact that no adjustment in the genetic supply of the moth occurred. Saying that the peppered moth model doesn't show development is outrageous. Normal choice is probably the best instrument of advancement, as expressed by Charles Darwin in his book, Origin of Species. It might be said that characteristic choice is day by day and hourly examining, all through the world, each variety, even the smallest; dismissing what is awful, saving and including all that is acceptable composed Charles Darwin in section 4:Natural Selection.

Bay of Pigs

The enthusiasm of the United States in Cuba goes as far back as the pre-Civil War period when it needed to attach Cuba as a slave state for its cotton. Notwithstanding, it was distinctly in 1898 that Cuba was won from Spain following the Spanish-American war. While this kept going just until 1902, the U. S. had the option to arrange a drawn out rent on the island at the Guantanamo Bay and transformed it into a maritime base. From that time until Castro assumed control, the second most remarkable authority in Cuba after the President was the U. S. Minister (Lafeber, 19 April 1986, p. 537).In 1947, open threats with socialism have started. President Truman prescribed to the U. S. Congress to stop the Russian animosity in Europe. This was contained in the Truman Doctrine (Ismael, 1965, P. 3212). This was trailed by a U. S. - drove food transport toward the western division which the Russians were starving out with its Berlin barricade. At that point, there was the help given to the soci alists, incidentally, in the end won and the dynamic support in the Korean War of 1950. While such activities were disliked,, there was an evident accord that the U.S. ought to undoubtedly show that it isn't past utilizing power to stop the expansionist plans of the socialists. In 1953, Dwight D. Eisenhower was chosen President. The counter socialist feeling was especially overflowing around then with Senator McCarthy charging for all intents and purposes everybody of being a socialist, and prevailing with regards to spreading apprehension and strife all through the nation. In Asia, China was giving indications of animosity against Taiwan which at that point prompted the US promise of help to any Southeast Asian Treaty Organization part who needs to ward off socialist advances.In Latin America, socialist impact was similarly spreading. In 1959, on January first, Fidel Castro and his guerillas figured out how to oust Fulgencio Batista and the previous Prime Minister and recently chos e President Dr. Andres Rivero Aguero (Telzrow, 2006). The United States was one of the primary nations to recognize Castro’s domination through an official note pronouncing â€Å"the genuine altruism of the administration of the United States towards the new government† (Welch, 1982, p. 29). Presently, Philip Bonsal was named as the enhanced US Ambassador to Havana.Bonsal was the previous minister to Bolivia where the Spanish-talking profession negotiator had the option to build up a decent connection with the liberal organization. After four months, in April 1959, Fidel Castro visited the United States where then Vice President Richard Nixon got the opportunity to meet him. Nixon singularly broadcasted him to be a socialist. Castro’s ensuing changes were sufficiently radical to adjust Cuba to socialist gathering and slam into the Eisenhower Administration. There was the suspension of free races, socialization of personal business and the seizure of U. S. proper ty.This was trailed by the nationalization of organizations which created staple items, for example, milk and milk and results, sugar, brew, toiletries, materials and even banks (Blight and Kornbluh, 1999, p. 161). Given these interior improvements in Cuba, the U. S. Branch of State had begun to draw up a concurrence with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that would impact the defeat of Castro by utilizing the Cuban group contradicted to him to make it resemble an inside demonstration. The circumstance was additionally disturbing and an affront because of the fact that socialism was essentially flourishing next door.In December 1959, a layout of activities both in incognito and publicity structure for the oust of Castro was drawn up by the CIA head of Western Hemisphere, J. C. Lord. An increasingly complete arrangement was drawn up by Jacob Esterline, previous head of the Guatemala station. On March 17, President Eisenhower affirmed a paper wrote by the CIA entitled â€Å"A Pro gram of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime† and the arrangement to cut down Castro was in progress. Individuals were set up. David Atlee Phillips was made purposeful publicity chief.He was to run Radio Swan, the station that would communicate promulgation against the Castro government. E. Howard Hunt was made head of political activity with the primary assignment of sorting out and setting up the individuals from the legislature that will supplant Castro’s once it is ousted. (Curse and Kornbluh, 1999, p. 159). By July 1960, Russia and the U. S. were trading thorns. The Soviet Prime Minister Nikita Khruschev had announced its help for Castro to which Eisenhower resolvedly answered that socialism won't be permitted by the U. S.to develop in the Western Hemisphere (Sierra, 2007, standard. 7). On October 28, the United States reviewed Ambassador Bonsal for all time back to Washington and followed later by authoritatively severing every single political connection with Cuba. Cuba before long started to get arms from the Soviet Union (Telzrow, 21 August 2006, 37+). The occupant administration’s intrigue was not just coordinated on Cuba in 1960. Inside, there was a progressively quick worry close by. It was battle period for the Presidential decisions. VP Richard Nixon was running against the well known Senator John F.Kennedy. He understood the affectability of the issue about Castro and socialist Cuba and rode as far as possible the American voters’ hostile to Castro conclusion and their anxiety towards its goals. Prior in the crusade, he was at that point advised by CIA Director Allan Dulles on knowledge matters as legally necessary and this instructions incorporated the secret data about the preparation of outcasts from Cuba who will be assembled for an attack on the island. At that point, just before a competitor's discussion, Kennedy assaulted Eisenhower's Cuba arrangement. He transparently called for U. S.support for the banished enemy of Castro powers and further shouted that up to this point, these outcasts had not gotten any help from the administration. Kennedy realized that Nixon won't have the option to counter this assault without bargaining the mystery of the arrangement. Nixon could just censure Kennedy for the flightiness of his announcements (Blight and Kornbluh, 1999, pp. 160-162). In the interim, the arrangement was consistently appearing. In May 1960, Radio Swan went broadcasting in real time. Utilizing an amazing transmitter, it communicated programs that were really taped in Miami. The Cuban ousted powers were set in Guatemala.The occupant President and despot of Guatemala, Gen. Miguel Ydigoras owed his situation to the CIA for upholding a secret activity in 1954 against then Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz. He subsequently permitted an air terminal to be worked in his nation. Nicaragua’s Anastacio Somoza likewise gave a preparation base in his nation (LaFeber, 16 April 1966, 537+) . The Cuban banished powers were altogether called Brigade 2506. They were initially being prepared off the bank of Florida. In the end, the size of the unit developed to around 1,500 warriors. The Castro government was not choosing to disregard against every one of these things that were going on.Eventually, Castro got his opportunity and on September 26, 1960, he tended to the UN General Assembly where he charged the U. S. for setting up a telecom station in Swan Island which the U. S. falteringly discredited by expressing that it was an exclusive station by a business telecom organization. After a month, Cuba again went in all out attack mode again in the UN General Assembly this time with the Cuban Foreign Minister Raul Roa giving very much educated subtleties on how the enlistment and preparing of these ousted powers were supposedly being conducted.In his location, be that as it may, he didn't call them banishes yet as hired soldiers and counter-progressives. He expressed that they were selected, paid and continued by the CIA by accommodating them and their families (Sierra, 2007, standard. 19). Afterward, in 2000, during a noteworthy gathering of the characters associated with the Bay of Pigs intrusion, these outcasts were indeed alluded to as hired soldiers so, all in all Fidel Castro adjusted him, â€Å"They’re brigadistas† (Dinges, 23 April 2001, 6). It was Castro’s procedure to reverse the situation of remote assessment against the Americans and later we will perceive how this strategy by Castro end up being effective.At the between time, a financial plan of USD13 million was affirmed by President Eisenhower. He likewise approved the utilization of the Defense Department’s staff and gear yet distinctly taught that no American resident must be utilized in battle. Be that as it may, the CIA’s beginning endeavor at dropping weapons and supplies in Cuba bombed pitiably. The drop zone was missed and the ground operator w as gotten and shot (Blight and Kornbluh, 1999, 161). On January 1961, President John F. Kennedy got down to business. Subsequent to battling vigorously against absence of activity on Cuba, he basically caught himself. In LaFeber’s (1986), Kennedyâ€Å"despised Castro and saw himself clashing with Nikita Kruschev over which superpower would control the Third World. He was additionally energetically dedicated to a sentimental perspective on counter-progressive activities and dreaded being marked as less of an enemy of Communist than Eisenhower, whose strategies he had impacted just months sooner. So the assault proceeded the evening of April 17† (537+). Before the real attack occurred, the arrangement changed a few times because of a few variables. Kennedy’s Department of State feared the significant effect on the US relations with Latin America (Lafeber, 1986, 537+).White House counselor Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. commented that while Kennedy was unyielding about no t utilizing US fighters straightforwardly, however the CIA followed up on the conviction that he will alter his perspective (Dinges, 2001, 6). Everybody was of the presumption that the Cuban individuals would all ascent precipitously to dispose of Castro (Lafeber, 1986, 537+). In the mean time, regardless of the considerable number of endeavors to abstain from having the US stamp on the banished powers by having the preparation camps and landing strip in Nicaragua and Guatemala, it was soon clear that the activity didn't stay a mystery for very long.It was even

Learn More About Persuasive Essay Examples

Learn More About Persuasive Essay ExamplesIf you need a better or more persuasive way to gain the attention of your audience, using persuasive essay samples can be a great way to do it. People all over the world to read and respond to different types of writing, from print, audio, video, or web articles to essay topics.Many people are on a deadline, such as a public speaking job or any time in a short notice event such as a job interview. Using a well crafted persuasive essay in your resume or cover letter will make the interviewer think you know what you're talking about, and this can add confidence to the work that you're doing for your prospective employer.The point is, your audience will most likely not even read your paper. In fact, they probably won't even listen to it if you're being interviewed. If your audience is reading your essay, or even looking at it, they are not likely to click on the link in your signature line and go read the rest of your post!For this reason, it is best to use persuasive essay samples that are properly written and organized, with an agenda. Since your audience is going to be spending a long time listening to you talk, or reading your paper, it makes sense to persuade them to read on.One thing that you should always remember to include in your papers is a 'Call to Action' or a 'Thing That Sounds Like it Could Be Worthwhile to You.' Some people write these sections out and add them to the end of their piece, but it's a much better idea to write out your call to action first and then work your body of text around that.Many professional writers use persuasive essay samples as an outline or as a template for how they can structure their entire writing piece. When you are writing a persuasive essay, this makes perfect sense, because the very act of writing makes the reader want to read on to find out more about the topic or idea at hand.In order to get the most from your readers, the longer your paper, the better. As a result, you want to use persuasive essay samples that are organized, and create an outline for your paper that will help you organize your thoughts.Since you have the option of reading it online, you can easily put in what needs to be put in, then make notes as you go. This will give you a more organized and well-thought out paper, and your audience will be much more receptive to what you are saying.

The Problem Of Online Gaming - 1677 Words

To introduce this subject, I must state that though this isn’t a wide spread, or controversial issue as some other social issues today, for example sexual crimes, racial and religious crimes or poverty and economic issues. It is slowly becoming more relevant every day thanks to the spread of internet use to many homes and the advancement of technology that has allowed gaming to become a form of entertainment that can be found in most homes in the modern developed world. Gaming has become a past time that most kids experience and some of those children continue their gaming experience all the way in to adulthood as a hobby. Online gaming is a relatively new experience, having really been brought into light in the past decade with the introduction of broadband internet. (Cash 2012) A study done by researchers at Iowa State University and the National Institute on Media and the Family stated that a nationwide survey of 1,178 American youth aged 8 to 18, found 1 in 10 video game players or 8.5 percent of American youth, show some signs of being addicted. Out of those who were studied some displayed at 6 of 11 symptoms of pathological gambling as defined by the American Psychiatric Association. They used gambling rules because at the time and some still state that there isn’t really a clear cut definition for gaming addictions. The most common of these games are what are called MMORPG’s or Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games. This term refers to games that have youShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Online Gaming Addiction1080 Words   |  5 PagesMassively Multi-Player Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG), World of Warcraft. Surprisingly, Van Cleave’s situation is not unusual, nor is it uncommon to hear of or know somebody with a substance addiction. 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But someone thinks that online gaming could only take the negativeRead MoreAn Analysis on the Advantages and Disadvantages of Playing Computer Games or Online Gaming†612 Words   |  3 Pagesadvantages and disadvantages of playing computer games or online gaming† August 19, 2013 Presented by: Rey Pahunang Presented to: Ms. Michelle Odchigue Introduction Playing game is a natural part of growing up. It is one way that person can learn to socialize and compete. Computer and online games , in most instances are no more dangerous than other games that people plays. But sometimes computer and online games become more than just play. They become an addictionRead MoreEssay about Online Gaming in South Korea1629 Words   |  7 PagesOnline Gaming in South Korea The rise of online gaming in South Korea has brought improved economic prospects and notoriety, but at what price? Beginning in the late 1990’s South Korea has quickly become the undisputed king of the online gaming world. Gaming and the culture that has grown up around it are now the defining aspects of the lives of many South Korea youths. While this eruption of online gaming has created revenue for the country and made South Korea a global hotspot for internationalRead MoreBenefits Of Playing Video Games1421 Words   |  6 PagesOnline gaming has become a serious problem in the society especially among young adults. This is because, most young adults are now stuck on their computers and internet, playing games all day. This has led to serious gaming problems among such individuals because they have no social life outside of the game world. Playing game, is a good way of having fun and developing one’s cognitive ability. The benefits of playing video games are numerous when done in moderation. â€Å"Playing brain-teasing gameRead MoreThe Problems Faced By The Video Game Industry 1688 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction Lack of mutual trust, teamwork and communication are the major problems faced by the video game industry. Mutual trust, which is an essential component of teamwork in the teams is responsible for the coordinated attitude in teams. Teamwork is now seen as being essential to achieve goals and complete projects. As more organizations and companies are coming to this understanding, considerable investment is being made in understanding better, how teamwork can be fostered within organizationalRead MoreOnline Game Addiction1399 Words   |  6 PagesPS1A ONLINE VIDEO GAME ADDICTION: IDENTIFICATION OF ADDICTED ADOLESCENT GAMERS Studies have constantly verified the reality of a small subgroup of video gamers that is seemingly addicted to games. Although video game addiction is not a new observable fact, the introduction of an online component in the current generation of games has almost certainly increased the size and possibility of the problem. This online factor in gaming led to the instigation of handling programmers targeting gaming addictionRead MoreGaming And Casino Hotel Industry1555 Words   |  7 Pages Executive Summary Gaming or gambling industry is clearly accelerating the transformation, and opportunities and challenges are mixed in the trend. The November 4th vote has given us a highly positive signal about the future of casino industry in Massachusetts, however, we still have to look into the trend and capitalize on this great chance. We have witnessed the conversions of online gaming to land-based casinos and land-based casino to online gaming, the burgeoning digital social media and soRead MoreWebsite Analysis : Mobile Casino Gaming1704 Words   |  7 PagesBlog 1 – Mobile casino gaming set to make a serious impact in 2016 The way the world operates is changing, with the degree of evolution not escaping the online casino industry. When it comes to casino online play, the general public will largely know it as something that is conducted through a desktop computer or laptop. This isn’t something that is going to disappear from the earth entirely, as online casino gaming will always be conducted in such way, but a new format is certainly stealing a degreeRead MoreOnline Gaming Addiction Among Teenagers1565 Words   |  7 Pages Impact of the issue related with gaming The playing of online games impacts teenage gamers socially, educationally, ethically and psychologically on teenagers. This issue involves numerous stake holders. They are mainly teenagers, parents, friends, policeman, and the game company. The advantage of playing online game is that it allows people to communicate to numerous numbers of others from different cultural backgrounds and countries. In the game, a gamer may want to exchange his item with

How a Photovoltic Cell Works

Chin An Entrepreneur Economy With Tyrant Government

Today China is the most element entrepreneur country. It doesn t have the right to speak freely. Individuals are detained if dissented and who undermine security and there doesn t exist common freedoms, worker s organizations, and focuses of political force outside to comrade party. At the point when comes to financial matters among the world s countries there is no more in the middle of socialism and free enterprise. It s political. China is an entrepreneur economy with tyrant government. For a long time, suspicion made that free enterprise and majority rules system goes as one. The American arrangement towards China had key components to empower unhindered commerce, open markets and direct venture, for China to wind up more fruitful†¦show more content†¦economy. China is the biggest exporter and second biggest shipper crosswise over world. In the year 2012, China s per capita GDP was $9,233 contrasted and $49,965 in the U.S. In future till 2020 China GDP may reach $10,000, one-fifth is anticipated for the U.S. China s populace in 2012 was 1.4 billion, America s 316.5 million. In 2020, China s populace will be quadrupled that of the U.S. China s financial development rate will stay to increment at a higher rate in light of the fact that the base of economy will develop is colossal in examination. These two extraordinary significant forces will coordinate or contend. Americans at times see the Chinese state as equivocal. In any case, given the way that power is partitioned in the U.S. political framework and the incessant force turnovers between the two primary gatherings in the United States, the Chinese likewise experience serious difficulties U.S. goals. All things considered, over late decades, a long haul U.S. methodology appears to have risen out of a progression of American activities toward China. So it is not a sad activity - surely, it is important - for the Chinese to attempt to investigate the United States. Most Americans would be astonished to take in the extent to which the Chinese trust the United States is a political force that tries to shorten China s political impact and damage

The Rationale Behind a Turnaround Strategy of a Firm free essay sample

Many of them failed and had to be wound down, many are still in a phase of decline and their future remains to be seen – but some were able to come up with a new strategy and a new organisational structure and are leaving the crisis stronger than before. This might be traced back to their superior turnaround strategy. A constant adaptation and re-examination of current strategies is no longer only a competitive advantage, but a necessity: â€Å"It is not a question of whether firms should change, but of where, how and in what direction they must change† (De Wit and Meyer, 2004:163). This essay will therefore focus on turnaround strategies and the thus related issues. First, the concept as well as the main terms and stages will be introduced. This will be followed by a closer examination of the reasons for turnarounds in two particular companies, namely Samsung and HP, and the effectiveness of different strategies in differing situations, illustrated by examples of HP and General Motors. Finally, a conclusion shall be given. Turnaround strategies A turnaround strategy is a reorientation of an organisation experiencing a crisis. Whereas the general corporate strategy is described as â€Å"the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations† (Johnson et al. , 2008:3), and is therefore able to evolve over time, a turnaround strategy is the reaction to a sharp deterioration in performance and a worsening of the general state of the company to an extent that becomes a threat to its survival (Luffman et al. 1996:140). White (2004) describes a turnaround strategy as a radical change in a firm’s strategy with a possible alteration of its structure and culture. Ideally, it should lead to a superior and sustainable performance in future. However, it is conceived under enormous pressure and great difficulties, and it brings the additional need for fast reactions with it, which in practice makes it a big challenge to implement a successful turnaround. Although much research has been carried out about turnaround strategies, the measures applied and the strategy chosen are specific to each individual company and is derived from its main business, its competitive advantage and its industry characteristics. Nevertheless, they share the feature of addressing areas which must be developed to achieve a sustained recovery (Thompson, 1997:538). Turnaround strategies are designed to bring quick results but also to contribute towards long-term growth. Different authors subdivide turnaround strategies in different stages. Hunger and Wheelen (2007) for instance describe only two phases: contraction as the first and short term reaction, meant to â€Å"stop the bleeding†, consisting mainly of cutbacks across-the board to limit size of and costs to the organisation. The second phase called consolidation aims at stabilising the company and focuses on the reduction of costs of functional activities, e. g. overheads. However, in their approach, a turnaround is viewed as simply a type of retrenchment strategy and not a stand alone and complete new alignment and orientation of the organisation, thus reflecting an approach slightly different from other authors (e. . De Wit and Meyer, 2004:163). Opposing to this, Johnson et al. (2008:523f) go more into detail when they describe the main elements of a turnaround strategy as follows: crisis stabilisation (short term focus on reducing costs and/or increasing sales), management changes, gaining of stakeholder support, clarifying the target markets, financial restructuring and prioritisation of critical improvement areas. They do however not stress the timely order of events, thus indicating that it might be more difficult in practice to distinguish between different phases. De Wit and Meyer (2004) add to this when stressing the problem of pacing change correctly; they describe disruptive and gradual change. Usually, they are not mutually exclusive but have to be balanced well in order to achieve a sustainable turnaround. A detailed and comprehensive approach is offered by McKiernan (2006:760) who describes six stages, beginning with the causes stage, the triggers and the diagnosis stage, followed by the retrenchment phase, recovery and renewal. Each of these stages brings its own challenges and some shall be described in more detail below. Leadership and management in turnarounds The behaviour of leaders and managers is crucial for the successful implementation of a turnaround. White (2004) states that the success of a company is usually associated with two people, the founder and the person mainly responsible for the turnaround. The outcome of the turnaround depends to a large extent on their personal abilities. Cummings and Wilson (2003:398) characterise a so-called turnarounder as â€Å"a leader who chop[s] and change[s] the basic already established characteristics of the organisation, for example emphasize[s] one or more areas of the core business and deemphasize[s] others†. According to McKiernan (2006:784), the personalities of the people on top of the organisation further influence the capability of understanding the need for a turnaround and the speed and effectiveness with which this turnaround is carried out. The more the important people within an organisation are used to doing business in a certain way, the less likely they are to change their strategy, but rather to search short-term operational solutions in order to react to the corporate decline. He finds that, during a decline, managers tend to react with disbelief and stick to their standard operations in order to try to improve short term results. Once they accepted the crisis, they apply a more autocratic behaviour, which reflects the need for fast and tough decisions to be made (McKiernan, 2006:786). Sometimes, however, the managers and leaders have become so accustomed to the old way of doing business that they have to be replaced in order to allow the organisation to change. The notion of turnarounds Although turnaround strategies are always specific to a particular company and its individual situation, industry and economic surrounding, there are common stages that can be observed in general. Corporate Decline Although it is important to recognize the decline in time, it should not be confused with a temporary deterioration of the company’s position due to the economic lifecycle. Luffman et al. (1996:140ff) describe the decline of a company as a state when there is some doubt about its survival; usually this state can be traced back to the inability of the company to generate sufficient profits. Mc Kiernan (2006:762f) defines it as â€Å"an unintentional contraction of the strategic discretion of the firm’s executives†; thus as being an external force that reduces the freedom of action of the managers. He adds that declines can be broken down into four groups: â€Å"a deterioration in the resources or stock variables†¦ a deterioration in performance or flow variables †¦ a deteriorating ability to adapt to changing external and internal pressures and as a stage in the organisational life cycle†. Whereas the first two can be diagnosed on the basis of the financial data available, the latter two are more difficult to recognise. Symptoms of corporate decline In general, there is the danger that symptoms are taken for causes, which might lead to a flawed new orientation. It is crucial to distinguish the two, as the symptoms are only the outside effects of the underlying causes, and it is essential to fight the causes and not the symptoms in order to regain a sustainable strategy. Whereas Luffman et al. (1996:140-145) describe the symptoms as becoming evident in the finance and marketing figures, McKiernan (2006:764-766) divides them into two groups, namely public and private symptoms. The public symptoms relate to financial information about the company and are thus visible to outside parties (companies therefore tend to distort the picture to appear as favourable as possible). Additionally, there are private symptoms that pertain to the human capital of the firm e. g. personnel turnover. Those are more difficult to measure, but are also part of the overall deterioration of the company’s state. Causes of Decline Overall, the identification of the causes of the decline is essential; however that is much harder to do in reality than in theory and hindsight (McKiernan, 2006:788). White (2004) describes the main reasons for a turnaround as poor management at any level, overexpansion, lack of financial control (with the result of high costs), new competitors, unforeseen changes in tastes and/or organizational inertia. Opposing to this view, McKiernan (2006:768-771) identifies the primary and main cause of decline of a company as the failure of an organisation to learn and adapt to a changing environment, and only after that, as secondary causes, to more detailed failures in the operational side of business, subdivided into financial and managerial conduct and a change in demand conditions. Retrenchment Problems Even though retrenchment is usually the first reaction of a company in decline (which is logical as obtaining a positive cash flow is a clear necessity), it should be carefully tailored to the individual needs of the company in question. It consists of either cost or asset reduction with the aim of halting the decline and to give the management time to think about longer-term objectives and a new strategic direction. Ideally, the retrenchment should already be linked to the targeted turnaround strategy of the firm, e. g. f it is agreed to pursue growth, costs will be cut in different areas as if an increase in efficiency within the existing structures is decided (McKiernan, 2006:790f). Possible problems are the danger of cutting too much costs in areas essential to the business and of loosing people important to it (e. g. in marketing) and a deterioration of employee’s attitude who have to cope with the uncertainty that the cost cutting brings with it. Re covery Strategy Recovery describes the stage in which the company has reached a phase of stability through the retrenchment process. The form of the recovery is again unique to each firm and depends on numerous factors. McKiernan (2006:794) describes two main recovery strategies: efficiency oriented strategies can consist e. g. of the liquidation of subsidiaries, divestment and an overall improvement of efficiency and is applied when the causes for the decline are internal. Entrepreneurial strategies, e. g. market penetration, new product developments and acquisitions, are chosen when the decline was caused externally. It is important in this phase that the management does not hold on to their old convictions of how to do business, but allow a new strategy to be developed. Leadership is here â€Å"one of the critical elements of recovery† (McKiernan, 2006:797). Whereas during a turnaround, a more autocratic style and good â€Å"motivational skills, powerful communication ability, flexibility, excellent diagnostic and analytical ability under time constraints, ability to work to a punishing schedule under duress and fast implementation skills† (McKiernan, 2006:798ff) are needed, as soon as the company obtains stability a more democratic and softer approach is more rewarding. This might be difficult to apply for the same managers. As always, this is much easier in theory than in practice, as McKiernan (2006:795) points out: â€Å"In practice, the actual number of generic recovery strategies a firm needs to employ is considerably greater than the actual number of causes of decline†. Recovery strategies can sometimes be helped by luck or external factors, as there might be a boost for the turnaround of the company resulting from a change in conditions in the outside environment of the firm, e. g. a cyclical upturn in demand or the exit of competitors. Renewal Strategy As the final stage, the renewal strategy shows if the turnaround has been successful or not. McKiernan divides two main important parts of it: the regaining of a good recovery that can be measured by indicators and the introduction of an organisational culture which is able to steadily learn and improve. This point will further be discussed under the effectiveness of turnaround strategies. The reasons of a firm to turnaround Although the decline as such would be reason enough to rethink the current strategy and reorganise the company’s structure, it is normally a steady and ongoing process. Old routines and operations are so persistent that a concrete reason is needed to finally trigger the change. Generally, it can be said that a crisis hitting the firm and a deterioration of its performance below a certain level that is internally accepted are the main reasons for a turnaround, as stakeholders then tend to demand a far-reaching change in strategy and operations. The performance can of course be measured in different ways, e. g. as mentioned above, Luffman et al. (1996:140) describe the main reason for a turnaround as the inability to produce sufficient profits; and Hunger and Wheelen (2007:99) add to this a weak competitive position of a few or the complete range of products. Opposing to this view, McKiernan (2006:776) refers to the reasons as triggers, and he argues that a deterioration of performance is never enough as those levels tend to be shifted downwards to meet reality; only when it falls below a level that was concretely aspirated, a change will be implemented. However, it depends on the characteristics of the managers responsible if the need for change is spotted early enough to enable the company to leave the crisis on time. When discussing real world examples of the appliance of turnaround strategies, the diversity of reasons might ecome a bit clearer. Two examples shall be used to give a more comprehensive impression of different reasons for turnarounds, followed by different strategies: Samsung, which focused on an internal reorganisation and HP that merged with Compaq in order to join forces. The Samsung Group is a well-known and highly diversified South-Korean conglomerate (cheabol). Nowadays, it is famous for high-end goods with an innov ative design (Ichlwan et al. , 1999). The success of the company is based on its ability to change and to respond to changes in its business environment properly. In 1996, the Samsung Group had to face two unfavourable changes in its business surrounding: a crash in memory chips prices which hit it hard as at that point of time nearly 90 per cent of the profits of the branch Samsung Electronics were retrieved from the production of those, as well as the Asian financial crisis starting just one year later; this naturally affected the whole conglomerate. As described by the CEO of Samsung Electronics, it was ‘a near-death experience’ (Edwards et al. , 2005). In response, Samsung Electronics started to implement a turnaround strategy. The main problems identified were poor supply chain management, a focus on growth at the cost of profitability, a high level of debt and an excessive number of employees. Furthermore, strategic decisions had been based on non-economic motivations. The turnaround strategy applied addressed all aforementioned issues and was started with the process of financial reconstruction. Samsung put much effort into the reduction of debt; a tighter financial control was introduced. The company focused only on core business activities; in turn, non-performing assets were sold and the number of employees was reduced by one third. Going global was a part of new strategy; emphasis was put on the development of new products and the diversification of the portfolio. The company re-focused and concentrated on high-end customers, targeting overseas markets, mostly the US and China. A ‘profits first’ strategy and introduction of just-in-time technique were further important elements of the new strategy (White, 2004, p. 754-759). It can be said that Samsung tailored the strategy to its specific needs, and left the crisis successfully, as the results of this turnaround helped Samsung Electronics to become a global giant in electronics. The changes that took place within the company are displayed in greater detail in the figures in Appendix 1. Hewlett and Packard (HP) is a global provider of computers and imaging solutions who, prior to 2002, focused on making imaging and computer technology. During May 2002, however, HP acquired Compaq, a leading provider of enterprise technology and solutions, to enlarge its product offerings and increase the overall scale. The aim was to combine the value and performance of the two firms in order to complement each other’s weaknesses and to thus attain a competitive position (HP website, 2010). Additionally, it would enable HP to gain immediate access to new emerging markets. The reasons for that merger were a result of deterioration in the HP’s overall performance (Wall Street Journal, 2001); they especially struggled to keep up with competition and rising costs, economical external pressure and internal problems like a need for cost cutting and lack of management skills. Following that merger, a reorganisation was needed, consisting of downsizing of staff, elimination of overlapping products, a change of the top management ( with brought HP a new CEO with a new management style which proved to be very favourable for the company), a new focus on the product innovation and customer loyalty as well as on long-term growth. The new HPQ created from this merger agreement was an $87 billion global technology leader. This company offered the industrys most complete set of IT products and services for all kinds of customers, businesses and individuals. The combined company had number one worldwide revenue positions in PCs, hand-helds, imaging and printing, IT services, storage and management software. So although the reasons as well as the applied strategies of these two companies were different, both engaged in a turnaround strategy in order to improve their position; and both did it successfully. The effectiveness of a turnaround strategy The difficulty in evaluating the effectiveness of a strategy certainly is the long-term focus inherent to them. Surely the short-term results are important as stability has to be regained, but a good and sufficient turnaround strategy requires the organisation to learn from the crisis on the long-term. Again, different authors take complementing positions. Thompson (1997:532-534) identifies four possible outcomes of a turnaround process, namely non-recoverable situations, short-term survival, mere survival and sustainable recovery. Non-recoverable situations are likely to occur when a company is not competitive and its potential for improvement is low due to overall business conditions or externalities. Temporary recovery is likely to occur when a company operates within unattractive and declining industry. Even if costs are reduced and additional revenues are generated, due to the decline of a whole sector, the company is unable to improve its financial position in the long-term. It is then important that the company reinvests the cash generated from the retrenchment and diversifies and expand new market segments. In the case of mere survival, turnaround is achieved but there is little further growth. This outcome may be expected within industries that are in slow decline or are generally unprofitable and competitive. Sustained recovery is likely to be a result of a genuine and successful turnaround, e. g. development of a new product or market re-positioning. This kind of recovery may happen when a company operates in strong, effective market and problems were caused by poor management rather than by decline in the whole industry. Slatter (in Thompson 1997:532) adds three main conditions necessary to achieve a sustainable recovery state to this, namely asset reduction in order to generate cash, a new strategic leader and the implementation of better financial control systems. Shaughnessy and Harrigan (2009) stress the importance of the commitment of many parties for the outcome of a turnaround strategy, e. g. shareholders, suppliers, employees, distributors, creditors and customers. The company, in order to complete a turnaround process, often needs additional funding which again can be provided by stakeholders. Tolerant suppliers who may agree to extend credit, motivated employees who are willing to implement necessary changes and loyal customers should be considered as factors that may influence the final result of turnaround process and should not be overlooked. According to McKiernan (2006:800), the evaluation of a turnaround strategy consists of two parts. On the one hand, there are characteristics which can be traced back to the actions taken in the retrenchment and recovery phase; he therefore identifies seven performance indicators for a good recovery and an effective turnaround: good management, appropriate organisation structure, effective financial and other controls, sound product-market posture, good marketing management, a maintained high quality, and tightly controlled costs. However, in order to not only gain a short-term stability, the organisation must learn something from the crisis to gain a sustainable recovery. The second and very important point is therefore the establishment and nourishing of a learning culture, in which â€Å"the organisation learns through exploitation†¦exploration†¦mutation† and has to â€Å"constantly maintain and develop the routines within each† (McKiernan, 2006:803-805). As firms can no longer allow themselves to be inflexible, they must accept and adapt to the fact that â€Å"change must become the norm† (ibid). A look at examples from real companies can again be quite helpful in order to show the diversity of the outcomes of a turnaround strategy. In the case of HP, the merger was expected to create cost synergies reaching approximately $2. 5bn annually and deliver a significantly improved cost structure. Looking at the short-term results and improvements (see Appendix 3), the immediate results did not all look as favourable as hoped for. The gross as well as the operating profit margin had declined, mainly due to the external pressure HP had to deal with as well as an increase in cost. However, the debt/equity ratio fell, too, as HPQ was able to repay some of its debt, which is a sign for a regaining of the cost control; one of the indicators McKiernan mentioned for an effective turnaround. When looking at the long-term results, HPQ is currently performing pretty well. In 2006, it had shown an annual revenue of $91. 7bn, making it the worlds largest technology company in terms of marketing and sales. It has proven that the massive integration efforts after the merger were successful and led to higher revenues and profits for the combined firm. HP had not only improved its position in major core markets, but also, according to a IDC report, it had heavily benefited from the cultural integration during that merger. The turnaround strategy applied has worked out and been beneficial for the whole organisation. (Edgar-online). However, turnaround strategies can also fail dramatically, as can be shown at the example of General Motors (GM). It had incurred huge losses due to the financial crisis of 2007/8 which resulted in a reluctance in the end-consumers to spend (a loss of $38. bn in 2007 and was also heavily indebted). Selling luxury products and fuel consuming vehicles, it was additionally hit hard by the rising oil prices. A retrenchment strategy included selling the less successful brands and the dismissal of employees. Several restructuring programmes in different areas and branches as well as several turnaround strategies were proposed, but none of them resulted in the needed turnaround ( for more details, see Appendix 4 ). Even state aid for some subsidiaries and the parental company did not help to attain a healthy recovery. GM had to file for bankruptcy procedures in 2009 and are now owned by the Canadian and the US governments. They are continuing to cut jobs and are planning to pay back the governments the credit and state aid they received, but they still are suffering shortcomings and facing difficulties, and the final outcome remains to be seen. Conclusion Turnaround strategies are as diverse and manifold as the companies there are. Although common features can be observed, it is very difficult to recognise the need for a turnaround in time and restructure the whole organisation appropriately to regain a sustainable situation. The development of a turnaround strategy is an interplay between numerous factors individual to each business, so common rules and guidelines are hard to come by. The characteristics of the CEO, the management team and the stakeholders are very influential as well as the particular reasons for the corporate decline, the prevailing corporate culture or the surrounding economic conditions at that point in time. This essay might have shown that, although a lot of research has been carried out about turnaround strategy, the authors sometimes disagree in main points; and the tailoring of the individual strategy is very difficult in practice and not always crowned with success. Especially the latest global financial crisis has demonstrated that it is not easy to react to critical situations – and the future will hopefully set more examples of successful and innovative ways of how companies can turn a bad situation around and leave a dangerous decline to regain healthy growth and a sustainable recovery. Appendix 1: Samsung The results of its turnaround helped Samsung Electronics to become a global giant in electronics. The changes that took place within the company are displayed in the figures below. Figure 1 Breakdown of sales (in KRW bn) – increasing diversification of product portfolio secures cash flows from different business sectors and markets Source: Samsung Electronics Annual Report 1998, 1999, 2000 Figure 2 total sales (USD mn) Source: Samsung Electronics Annual Report 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Figure 3 Ramp;D expenses (KRW bn) – shift from imitator to innovator, increase in Ramp;D expenditure and the number of people involved in Ramp;D process Source: Samsung Electronics Annual Report 1997, 1998, 1999 Figure 4 debt to equity ratio – reducing external debt as a result of strict financial control, profitability as a main aim Source: Samsung Electronics Annual Report 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 Figure 5 Comparison of domestic and overseas sales – going global, focus on overseas markets Source: Samsung Electronics Annual Report 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Appendix 2: HP Reorganisation after the merger with Compaq Cost cutting: layoffs of 15000 jobs. Elimination of overlapping products: Products that appear on the product lists of two or more separate groups of countries are eliminated for the purpose of combining the groups in a single multilateral organisation. Top management change: CEO change with the objective of meeting the challenge for change and to keep HP on its goal to become the worlds leading information technology company, Chairman and CEO Carly Fiorina stepped down n February 2005, and Mark Hurd was named CEO and president in March). Psychological Strategy : not to deal with the past, but to look to the future†, based on metrics and other performance. Invent new technology and services: To create social benefits and customer lives. Increased customer loyalty Solving technological issues: implementation of user testing and bench marking. More focus on long-term growth opportunities: Ramp;D investments, technologies for being const antly connected, always personal mobile experiences, and an abrupt change from analogue to digital. The most important factor of HPs turnaround however is Hurds personality and management style. The friendly style and hierarchical communication approach played a vital role. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS: Industry Challenges: HPs key element in global citizenship is to design products and services that are socially and environmentally responsible throughout the products life cycle. Central to this challenge is managing product design to meet various regulations that affect the design of their products. These regulations can be inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another, may not always be clearly defined, or may not easily accommodate design lead times. HP actively works with governments, industry partners and other stakeholders to attempt to harmonize these regulations and achieve their shared environmental goals in a manner that is consistent with technological innovation. HP’s business strategy and mission statement is to provide customers with superior products, services and overall experiences by providing leading-edge technologies that work seamlessly together. HP seeks to be a leader in each of the specific product and service categories in which they compete and to expand actively into new and adjacent markets. To achieve this, they use a so-called adaptive enterprise platform, revolving around the four points of emphasizing standardization, virtualization, simplification and modularity and integration. Designing with these principles is supposed to provide the most cost-effective infrastructures that can flexibly adapt to changing business dynamics. World class cost structures and processes across their entire portfolio of businesses : HP focused on leveraging their scale to maximize purchasing efficiency and leveraging their global footprint to maximize technical expertise and cost structure improvements available in different regions around the world. They compete based on: Technology, performance, price, quality, reliability, brand, distribution, range of products and services, account relationships, customer service and support and etc. Effectiveness of the turnaround During 2001, when the CEO of HP argued that the combined company would be able to meet the customer demand for â€Å"solutions capability on a truly global basis. † She also claimed that the firm would be able to lead with its products â€Å"from top to bottom, from low end to high end. † As her crowning argument, she pointed that the merger made sense because it would create â€Å"synergies that are attracting. † The new HPQ created from this definitive merger agreement was an $87 billion global technology leader. This company offered the industrys most complete set of IT products and services for all kinds of customers: businesses and individuals. The combined company held number one worldwide revenue positions in PCs, hand-helds, imaging and printing, IT services, storage and management software. The merger was expected to create cost synergies reaching approximately $2. 5 billion annually and deliver significantly improved cost structure. Based on both companies past data , the new HP would have approximate pro forma assets of $56. 4 billion, annual revenues of $87. 4 billion and annual operating earnings of $3. 9 billion. It would also have operations in more than 160 nations and over 145,000 employees worldwide. In the meanwhile HP had encountered the biggest problem during the process of buying Compaq, was the decision of which of the tech giants computer products to keep and which ones to eliminate. Together, HP and Compaq produced many kinds of common products, many products are based on proprietary technology. Business analysts agreed that the merged company wouldnt be able to sell all of the products. The merger would result in HP shareholders having 64% of the stock in the newly formed concern. HP-Compaq would be the worlds leading company in all sorts of computer hardware (ranging from Printers, Personal Computers and Unix Servers). Fig (1) : Revenue, assets and operating earnings (Dollars in Billion) Source: http://www. hp. com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2001/index. html, press release issued on September 3, 2001 Ratio analysis: The Gross-Profit Margin, in 2002 was 28. 34%, by 2006, however, it had comparatively decreased to 24. 29%. HPQ earned a gross profit of 24. 29 in 2006. The decline was slow but steady, mainly due a reduction in the price of its computers in order to compete with Dell. The Operating-Profit Margin, in 2002 was 6. 64%, whereas in 2006, it had declined to 5. 47% due to change in management structure. It mainly involves new costs. The Debt/Equity ratio in 2002 was 28. 34, whereas, in 2006 it plummeted down to 17. 66. During that time HPQ repaid some of its debts. The Current Ratio in 2002 was 1. 53, in 2006, however, it decreased to 1. 45. This is very slight decrease, and HPQ was still in a position to pay-off its short-term debts as and when they fell due. It decreased due to spending more of its revenue on expanding its businesses. (yahoo finance, 2010) HPQ today: Today, HPQ is performing much better than anyone had envisioned. In 2006, it had shown $91. billion in annual revenue as compared to $91. 4 billion for IBM which is more interesting, making it the worlds largest technology company in terms of marketing and sales. It had been clearly shown that both the firms had finally undertaken massive integration efforts and moved the joined company proceeded to higher revenues and profit . Furthermore, HP had improved its position in major core markets . Moreover according to a I DC report HPQ had heavily benefited from cultural integration. The infusion of Compaqs fast-paced culture helped to improvise its business dramatically. Appendix 3: Possible outcomes of a turnaround strategy according to Luffman et al. The possible outcomes of implementation of turnaround strategy are plotted in the figure below. turnaround strategies adopted sustainable recovery mere survival short-term survival failed turnaround financial position non-crisis crisis Figure 1 Types of recovery situations Source: Luffman G. , Lea E. , Sanderson S. , Kenny B. (1996). Strategic management. An analytical introduction. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, p. 144 Appendix 4: General Motors Description of the situation prior to GM’s bankruptcy: In 2007, GM generated the biggest loss in the company history ($38. 7bn) and it was heavily indebted. Sales decreased due to a rise in petrol prices and a crisis-owed reluctance to spend as well as the credit crunch forced the company to restructure. The reaction of the company was the sale of the brand â€Å"Hummer† and the cutting of 47. 000 jobs, as well as an application for government support. However the situation worsened when the subsidiary Saab went bankrupt and Opel needed state aid ( to the amount of â‚ ¬3. 3bn). A further loss was incurred in 2008 ($30. 9bn), the state aid of $13. bn proved to be not sufficient. Share price fell by 87. 21%. Plans were made to abandon Pontiac and to focus on the core brands GMC, Buick, Cadillac and Chevrolet, but selling Saab, Hummer and Saturn. (Financial Times, 2010) In 2009 finally, GM had to face insolvency. As it was too big to fail, two governments intervened, and two new companies were created: the first was basically a tr ansformation of General Motors Corporation to Motors Liquidation Company, and another one called General Motors Company (of which the USA obtained 60. 8% and Canada 11. 7). Motors Liquidation Company sold all he relatively successful brands to General Motors Company which will be kept, and the less successful branches were liquidated (General Motors, 2010). The outcome still remains to be seen. Currently, GM is still cutting jobs, and even though plans exist to pay the governments the aid received back, they still are suffering shortcomings and facing difficulties, e. g. they had to recall many of their Chevrolets this year due to problems with the steering wheel. (Financial Times, 2010) Word Count: 4. 388 References: Cummings S. , Wilson D. (2003). Images of strategy. Oxford, Blackwell, p. 398 De Wit, B. and Meyer, R. (2004) Strategy: Process, Content, Context – An international perspective (3rd ed. ) London, Thomson Learning Edgar Online. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 12, 2010 from: http://google. brand. edgar-online. com/displayfilinginfo. aspx? FilingID=1773948-1543-27611amp;type=sectamp;tabindex=2 Edwards, C. , Lowry T. , Ihlwan M. , Hall K. (2005). The lessons for Sony at Samsung. [Electronic version]. BusinessWeek, 10/10/2005, issue 3954. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from Business Source Complete Database Financial Times (2009). GM’s restructuring. Financial Times online. Retrieved on March 15, 2010 from http://www. ft. com/cms/s/0/a34423be-3413-11de-9eea-00144feabdc0,dwp_uuid=0e73f8e0-a2b8-11de-ae7e-00144feabdc0. html GM Investor Information (2010). Investing in the New GM. General Motors. Retrieved on 15 March, 2010 from: http://phx. corporate-ir. net/phoenix. zhtml? c=231169amp;p=irol-faq Hitt, M. A. (2004). Strategic Management:Competitiveness and Globalisation. USA: South-Wastern. HP. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 15, 2010, from hp. com: http://www. hp. com/hpinfo/newsroom/press/2001/ HP. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 15, 2010, from hp. com: http://h30261. www3. hp. com/phoenix. zhtml? c=71087amp;p=irol-newsamp;nyo=0 Hunger, J. D. , Wheelen, T. L. (2007) . Essentials Of Strategic Management. Pearson Prentice Hall, Fourth Edition Ihlwan M. , Engardio P. , Kunii I. , Crockett R. (1999). Samsung: the making of a superstar. [Electronic version]. BusinessWeek, 12/20/1999, issue 3660. Retrieved March 12, 2010, from Business Source Complete Database Johnson, G. , Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005). Exploring Corporate Strategy. Pearson Prentice Hall, Seventh Edition Linberry, C. J. (2004).

Hemophilia Essay Research Paper HemophiliaSevere bleeding That free essay sample

Hemophilia Essay, Research Paper Hemophilias Severe hemorrhage. That # 8217 ; s what happens when a individual has Hemophilia. # 8220 ; More than 25,000 people in the United States have Hemophilia # 8221 ; ( Description of Hemophilia 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Hemophilia Essay Research Paper HemophiliaSevere bleeding That or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page # 8220 ; Hemophilia is an familial lack of a blood-clotting factor that consequences in episodes of unsafe shed blooding # 8221 ; ( Hemophilia 1 ) . As you read through this essay, you will larn more about the disease. Some features should be. First you will larn about the diagnosing and forecast of Hemophilia. Second you will larn the causes and incidences of Hemophilia. And eventually you will larn about the interventions and ways of life for the people with Hemophilia. First off, I will state you about the forecast and the diagnosing of Hemophilia. # 8220 ; One of the ways to name Hemophilia is to look into the household history of the patient. If your household had Hemophilia, so you have a greater opportunity of holding it, so person that doesn # 8217 ; Ts have it in their heredity line # 8221 ; ( Hemophilia 1 ) . Another manner to name it is to run trials on the blood. # 8220 ; One of the showing trials is used to look into for primary haemostasis. This trial would come back normal if the thrombocyte count, and shed blooding clip were normal. The 2nd trial would look into the secondary haemostasis. A normal consequence would be that there is adequate fibrin formed to finish blood curdling. In both trials, negative consequences would demo abnormally low degrees of each. Then if they came back negative, the diagnosing would be that they do hold Hemophilia # 8221 ; ( Description of Hemophilia 1-2 ) . # 8220 ; The forecast so could be one of t he three classs of Hemophilia, they are: mild, moderate, and severe. A individual with mild haemophilias may merely hold jobs with shed blooding when they have surgery, major dental work, or when they have a terrible hurt. A individual with moderate haemophilias can hold the same jobs, plus shed blooding jobs with more minor hurts. A individual with terrible haemophilias can hold what are called self-generated bleeds. Shed blooding that starts inside the organic structure for no ground # 8221 ; ( What is Hemophilia 1 ) . Second I will speak about the causes and incidences of haemophilia. The immediate cause of haemophilia is the lack of a curdling factor, used in blood curdling. # 8220 ; Some of the complications of holding this disease are: unsafe shed blooding episodes, lasting articulation harm, and the hazard of undertaking HIV through a blood transfusion # 8221 ; ( Hemophilia 2 ) . # 8220 ; And anybody can acquire hemophilia. It is more normally found in males , and is genetically passed. Even though it is really rare to hold this upset, merely 1 out of every 5,000 male childs born has hemophilia. In about a 3rd of all instances, there is no household history with a individual that has hemophilia† ( What is Hemophilia 1 ) . â€Å"An affected male base on ballss hemophilia to all of his girls, but to none of his boies. These females become bearers of the status, and so can perchance distribute it to their children† ( Shed blooding Disorders Info 2 ) . Finally I will speak about the interventions and manner of life for people with haemophilia. # 8220 ; Even though there is no remedy for this disease, there are some interventions that aid # 8221 ; ( What is Hemophilia 1-2 ) . # 8220 ; One of these is your ain self-knowledge of the disease. Learning the marks and symptoms of the disease, and protecting yourself will greatly assist you. There are besides medicines to assist excessively. Your physician can subscribe medicines for your joint hurting, if any was to happen # 8221 ; ( Hemophilia 2 ) . # 8220 ; You can besides take injections of the coagulating factor that is losing from a individual # 8217 ; s blood. Even though it is rather expensive, bing anyplace from $ 40,000 # 8211 ; $ 200,000 per twelvemonth, it is good worth the money # 8221 ; ( What is Hemophilia 2 ) . A individuals day-to-day life is effected excessively if you have hemophilia. # 8220 ; First of wholly, you have to avoid activities that may do hurt, such as contact athleticss. Second, you can # 8217 ; Ts take acetylsalicylic acid for any achings you may hold, because acetylsalicylic acid may increase hemorrhage. But there is no particular diet # 8221 ; ( Hemophilia 2-3 ) . Some of the features you should hold learned in this essay were: the diagnosing and forecast of haemophilia, the causes and incidences, and eventually the interventions and day-to-day life for person with this disease. At least, you should hold learned them. If you didn # 8217 ; t larn these things, at least you are a little more informed about haemophilia. 591 # 8220 ; Shed blooding Disorders Info. # 8221 ; Hemophilia Mar. 2000. Hemophilia. 3, March 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.infonhf.org/bdi/hemophilia/ . # 8220 ; Description of Hemophilia. # 8221 ; Hemophilia.net Mar. 2000. Hemophilia.net. 20, March 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hemophilia.net/descript.htm. # 8220 ; Hemophilia. # 8221 ; Hemophilia # 8211 ; thrive @ wellness Mar. 2000. Thriveonline. 20, March 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thriveonline.com/health/Library/illsymp/illness262.html. # 8220 ; What is Hemophilia. # 8221 ; Hemophilia Mar. 2000. hog.org. 20, March 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hog.org/hemophilia.htm.

Communication Results essays

Communication Results essays For the past eight weeks I have worked closely with a group of five other people with the sole intent of being able to experience what it was like working in a group and being able to analyze the work being done and how it was accomplished. For the most part I would like to say that it was a positive experience, but at the same time it was a very difficult thing to accomplish. I would like to start by discussing the different personality types within the group. The group was made up of six people and out of the six, five were SJs (Kelly, Kristin, Nakun, Nat, and Rafae) and only one was a NF (Corinne). The SJs very much followed the Guardian example by assigning tasks and having them completed and done on time. While in the meantime, the NF/ Idealist was great for coming up with ideas, but very poor on implementing and completing the things that needed to be done. This made things very frustrating and hard to deal with especially when it was time to complete our project and everything needed to be in. Corinne was still coming up with ideas for our project in the seventh week of it. We finally had to tell her that the ideas were great but there was no time to expand the project further and we needed to work on just what we had because of the time limit. Many of the tasks assigned to Corinne were not completed until we forced her to complete them. A lot of her responsibilities were taken over by other group members because of her lack of completion. This was very frustrating to the group because it was putting us behind schedule. She kept telling us that the marketing things were in her head, but she would never show us anything written or completed. Finally, we figured out that anything she said we should write down and do it ourselves. I found it simply amazing that we each lived up to our personality types and how the group benefited from taking what we knew and developed our s...

Compare and differentiate Maoism and Stalinism Term Paper

Compare and differentiate Maoism and Stalinism - Term Paper Example The peasants and workers formed the revolutionary classes under this belief. Marxism-Leninism is a globally inclined ideology that was of the belief that the communist revolution was inevitable. It further advocated that once the revolution had happened in one country, then others will soon have their own revolutions. Thus, it was the duty of believers of Marxism-Leninism to try to export the revolution. Both Stalin and Mao tried to implement Marxism-Leninism in their countries albeit with some modifications to suit their present situations and personal convictions. The two leaders implemented â€Å"Five Year Plans† in their countries in order to spur development. Stalin’s First Five Year Plan (FFYP) begun early in 1926. His major focus was to transform the Soviet Union from an agrarian economy to a prominent industrial power. He argued that rapid industrialization was critical for the Soviet Union to flourish and survive as a world power. Stalin’s FFYP was prese nted as a Second Revolution and this helped him to mobilize the peasants as they perceived themselves to be in a class war with their previous oppressors (Keefe, 2009). Rather than follow Marxism-Leninism, the FFYP was a revolution from above; not from the masses. Stalin created a highly centralized command economy under the auspices of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan). The communist tenet of equality was disregarded as Stalin gave incentives to Managers and skilled workers. It should be noted that the FFYP put heavy emphasis on the heavy industry as massive resources were put in place to develop the oil and steel industry. Mao’s began implementing his First Five Year Plan (FFYP) in 1953. According to Friedman (2001), Mao’s core goal was to end Chinese dependency on agriculture and transform the country into an industrialized economy. Mao’s plan was very similar to Stalin’s since it also advocated for rapid industrialization so as to make China a wo rld power. The Chinese relied on the assistance of the Russians both economically and technically. Mao reorganized his administration to reduce bureaucracy and increase the country’s labor force. This move was aimed at reducing the chances of derailing progress due to a long chain of command. The peasants were required to diversify from agriculture to industrial work. Although the effectiveness of the First Five Year Plans for both leaders was questionable, they nevertheless went ahead to launch their Second Five Year Plans (SFYP). Stalin implemented his SFYP beginning 1933. This plan utilized the industries built during the previous plan to increase productivity. The Second Five Year Plan gave more attention to consumer goods unlike its predecessor. In retrospect, this plan was much more realistic and achieved considerably better results. After Mao’s FFYP, he implemented a much more audacious policy in the Second Five Year Plan. Mao believed that China would develop m ore rapidly if all resources were used to develop both industry and the agricultural sector concurrently. He utilized the country’s cheap labor to provide services primarily to the grain and steel industry. However, poor workmanship resulted in the failure of the steel production projects. The steel plants were poorly planned and there was scarcity of qualified engineers to oversee the work (Mark, 2001). In order to reign on the agricultural sector, both Stalin and Mao implemented the policy of Collectivization. Under Stalin,

The Rise of Capitalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rise of Capitalism - Essay Example Smith’s theory that propagated dependence of individualism that oozed out of the nation at this time period. America’s obsession with Industrial began with Slater’s mills in which textiles became the primary market to produce. Although it may seem a new age, most workers were orphans or children who owed debt to the nation. The drive of capitalism for this country relied on many factors that included slavery, turned raw goods into products, factories, and the ability to produce such a drastic workforce. Jefferson understood and acknowledged this problem. He feared that the America could not be properly industrialized due to the fact that it would not attract workers. Hence, the need to build factories around villages became critical components towards the move to industrialize America. Moreover, the ability of the American leaders to explore the â€Å"wild west† catapulted the nation to expand and dramatically changed from an urban to a rural area. One of the most significant factors that contributed to the development expansion of the United States was the fertile land that was available in the South. The large plantations in the south gave the rise to slave labor was the fertile farmland in the Midwest enabled United States to accomplish several things. First of all, the invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin initiated the rise to slave labor in the rich land that extended beyond from Carolina to Texas, which expanded the United States border. The fertile land gave boosted the American economy, which contributed to development of United States. The south had to dramatically shift their economy to tobacco and cotton to agriculture. In the north, corn supply was enhanced along with the focus on producing textiles. Cities such as New York and Chicago became the top commerce cities that built its economic empire due to the industrial revolution. The creation of Erie Canal became the hallmark of water commerce that enabled America to lower shipping costs

Process Proposal Essay Example for Free

Process Proposal Essay The process that is being analyzed is the payroll process at a firm. The process can be viewed as a series of steps done on a daily basis and then at month end when salaries are to be distributed. Their process flow along with diagrams is given below. Daily: The work of the system starts as soon as an employee enters and checks in for the days work. Every employee owns a magnetic swipe card which is given to him/her upon employment at dollar. The swipe card machine notes and stores the time of entry and exit for every employee along with other necessary information such as employee number, name etc. at the day end, this data is imported to the current system database (running on FoxPro) using a third party software. Issues such as total time worked per day (depending on employee type), overtime, absences and leaves are resolved then and there. Every employee, in case of over time put in, is handed a sheet at the day end called the ‘Overtime Sheet’. Records of it are maintained by respective supervisors as well as the current system. Monthly: At month end, the data that has been accumulated over the whole period along with the overtime sheets that every employee submits is used to calculate total salaries of the employees and then paid to them in the form of payslips. All deductions and additions regarding overtimes, absences, leaves etc. are resolved and then sent to the supervisors for verification. Upon verification, deductions regarding gratuities and additions such as benefits, allowances etc. are verified from the HR system records and then forwarded to the account system for tax deductions. The final process is then to transfer funds to each employee’s personal account and distribute payslips to each one of them. The transfer is carried out by the accounts department in co-ordination with the HR system and the payslips are distributed via supervisors. A diagram that illustrates this process is given below: As it can be seen, the process has various repetitive steps that can easily be eliminated if a computerized system is used. Especially the processes at month end, these can be shortened a lot if redesigned and enabled with IT.

Jacks Power in Lord of the Flies Essay -- Lord of the Flies William G

Jack's Power in Lord of the Flies At the beginning we see Jack as a well-dressed choir leader, " each boy wore a square black cap with a silver badge in it." suggesting that he is civilised. We see also from this first point that he is introduced, that he has a slightly mean streak in him as he gives 'an order' to the other choir boys to "stand still", even though the heat is far too much for them. They are in fear of him as they obey his order. The boys also did as Jack said when they "raised their hands" "with dreary obedience" to vote him for chief. This mean streak also occurs when he is constantly dismissing Piggy and telling him to "shut up". When Ralph brings in rules about the conch and shelters Jack becomes defiant and would much rather be exploring or hunting. Ralph and Jack have some confrontation about the shelters and also about the rule with the conch as "Jack broke out of his gyration and stood facing Ralph". Jack thinks that the conch rule is a silly rule and when Ralph tells Jack that he is breaking the rules he simply replies with "who cares?" or "sod you!" Jack is also unsympathetic towards the littluns' and refers to them as a "useless lot of cry-babies". Jack becomes fearless and some of the other boys respect him as a good hunter because he has "been everywhere". The other boys also think that he is more fun because he just hunts and doesn't care about all the rules. The first instance when we see Jack becoming savage is when he paints his face as a disguise "like moths on a tree trunk" and starts wearing few clothes unlike the boy with the " square black cap" that we were introduced to at the start. When Jack becomes disguised he intrigues the other boys because he starts... ...Ralph has no one left they nearly kill him too, except that they are rescued. Jack's rise to power meant that he became the most fearless and fearsome character. The boys respected him for his hunting, but after the death of Simon he became even more feared by Ralph and Piggy. The resentment for Ralph that Jack carried from near enough the beginning was the fuel for Ralph's attempted death. Jack's power went straight to his head and the tribe became completely uncivilised and out of control. There were no rules and the boys did as they pleased and all though they enjoyed themselves we are left wondering what would have happened if the boys were not rescued when they were. I think we can say that Ralph would have been killed but would further separation have been on the cards? I think that perhaps Roger may have wanted more power if given the chance.

Dove, the Brand to Beat Essay

Dove is a brand under the many products of Unilever. It was in the 1890s when William Hesketh Lever, founder of Lever Bros popularized cleanliness and hygiene with his introduction of the Sunlight Soap in Victorian England. The Sunlight Soap led the advocacy â€Å"to make cleanliness commonplace; to lessen work for women; to foster health and contribute to personal attractiveness, that life ay be more enjoyable and rewarding for the people who use our products†. (www.dove.com) For three centuries, Unilever has proven its success over economic booms, depressions, world wars and the changing lifestyle of its consumers as the world advanced through technology. Dove is the leading skin care product since 1957. It is clinically proven and has been noted to be good for dry sensitive skin which half the women in the world has. And since the 1980s, Dove has launched more supporting products to the soap bar such as moisturizing body wash, deodorants, body lotions, facial cleansers, shampoos and conditioners. All of these products are aimed to solve skin needs comprehensively bringing out the true inner beauty of women. Dove is boasts of its number one in the race of cleansing brands with double-digit growth data. Sales in over 80 countries are over â‚ ¬2.5 billion a year. They estimate that over 1 billion showers are done using Dove products each year in the US alone. The success is due to the brands keeping of its clinically proven promises and understanding of its real market. Studies show that only 12 % of women are very satisfied with their physical attractiveness. 2% of women articulate themselves as beautiful. 68% knows that media almost always sets unrealistic standards of beauty and the 75% hopes that media would better itself in portraying diversity in women’s physical attractiveness that includes size, shape and age. â€Å"Dove is actively trying to address the root of the problem of negative self-image. Dove has founded the Dove Self-Esteem Fund, which funds programs to raise self-esteem in girls and young women. In the US, it’s working through the Unilever Foundation to sponsor a partnership with Girl Scouts, called ‘uniquely ME!’ It also supports the BodyTalk education program for schools in the UK and Canada.† (www.dove.com) The Dove Self-Esteem Fund has come along way since consumers saw that water alone was not enough to clean oneself. American consumers of the new millennium are more demanding than ever and value minded. Dove consumers pay a higher price for Dove due to its after sales value. The target market of Dove are the people who can afford to put a premium for added market values compared to cheaper alternatives such as Ivory. â€Å"According to Soap, Cosmetics, Chemical Specialties, aging baby-boomers were looking for milder, less irritating products. Soaps using vegetable-based fats, with no animal fats or animal testing, were also in demand. Other popular items included loofahs, oatmeal products, and chamomile leaves. In general, customers demanded performance and value in all their soap, shampoo, and detergent products, which were the driving factors behind the soap and detergents industry at the turn of the century.† (Thompsons, 2006) All these added value makes Dove cost more than the average bath product. Value leaders attempt to offer the best product at the cheapest price. These products cannot compare on quality and in the short term, competes for the value of each dollar. Ivory products advertise themselves on the price pitch that does not happen to Dove products. Each Dove product commercial does not mention price. this kind of advertising strategy may increase Ivory income by selling more quantity but soaps such as Dove and Dial remain successful as well by selling more expensive and keeping loyal customers at lesser volumes. â€Å"The bar soap market, which had grown at an average rate of about 4.1 percent annually in the early 1980s, entered the 1990s with a growth rate of about 4.9 percent. Beauty bars comprised the fastest growing segment of the bar soap market, with sales increasing at a rate of about 7 percent per year. Later in the decade, however, bar soap began to lose some ground to shower gels. In 1998, bar soap sales grew only 1.5 percent in value and slipped 4.5 percent in unit terms, while shower gel sales increased dramatically. However, even with their 18.1 sales gain in 1998, the shower gel market, with total sales of $450 million, remained slightly less than a third the size of the bar soap market, which totaled $1.4 billion in value in 1998.† (Thompsons, 2006) Dove has been successful in its campaign to increase and sustain loyal consumers due to its steadfast supporting of its timeless belief in their original product. Compared to the rest of the competition, Dove remained the soap that held on to its ‘added moisture’ selling point. From that, Dove has evolved and widened its strategies in cornering a wider and global market. For one, it’s campaign-promoting self-esteem in women cuts above the rest. The ‘campaign for real beauty’ ad that models larger than average smiling women in white underwear has sent advertisers of other soaps amok. The message of this ad is a statement against the usual advertisers that project the beautiful woman with impossibly physical proportions. This strategy of using controversy for advertising worked so much for Dove. â€Å"The women in these photos appear to love who they are and the way their bodies look. Sue Ontiveros of the Chicago Sun-Times says, â€Å"It’s the joy on their faces that I really like. There’s just so much happiness in their smiles that I feel as if these women are saying ‘this is the real me and I like her.’ Boy, is that rare and just the message I’d like females to get and embrace.† Just because your booty can’t fit into a size four doesn’t mean you’re not sexy. The joy and confidence of the Dove models allows them to look sexy without having to wear seductive facial expressions.† (www.campaignforealbeuty.com) The challenge that lies on the Dove self-esteem campaigns is to make sure that they do not get caught playing two sides. A teener realizes that the big women ad was sporting big tight thighs. Dove was getting the most of this because their thigh-tightening product was being launched. A critic also realized that letting women with underwear pose on camera was still diminishing respect for women even if they were all size large. The most significant challenge that advertisers faced was fueled by the growing global concern of consumers over environmental issues. Consumers demanded that products like Dove have to be manufactured and marketed using ‘earth-friendly’ products and processes without sacrificing quality. Dove’s dishwashing liquid leads their earth-friendly products. Using the dishwashing liquid leaves the hands moisturized, the plates squeaky clean and the rivers unpolluted Another important strategy for Dove products to stay in the lead is using technology to further their market reach. The website of Dove and its dealers are well-made and very user friendly. Buying online is very convenient. Using the internet as part of the marketing efforts, Dove can ensure the existence of its loyal customers who pays more to buy Dove soap. The prices below gathered from the websites show comparisons in prices of different common leading bath soaps. Dove fits in the middle of the price war as it is appreciated by the market as the soap that has more value compared to the usual everyday common soaps such as Dial and Coast but not too expensive like the signature and specialty soaps like Cetaphil or Neutrogena. Price Comparisons Dove   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.08 Dial   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0.99 Ivory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.89 Cetaphil   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4.09 Neutrogena   Ã‚  Ã‚   3.95 Coast   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.20 Table 1. User ratings between Dove competitors Product name Pears Soap Imperial Leather Original Soap Palmolive Original Soap Bar Dove Extra Sensitive Cream Bar Lux Milk & Honey Beauty Soap Oilatum Soap Bar Camay Classic- Toilet Soap Overall user rating:    Recommended by 100% (13 Reviews)    Recommended by 95% (19 Reviews)    Recommended by 50% (6 Reviews)    Recommended by 86% (28 Reviews)    Recommended by 100% (1 Review)    Recommended by 100% (2 Reviews)    Recommended by 33% (3 Reviews) http://www.ciao.co.uk/product_comparison.php?Pid=1%2C10%2C10534%2C15372%2C5015455%2C5231365&IDs%5B%5D=70462&IDs%5B%5D=70445&IDs%5B%5D=70457&IDs%5B%5D=70440&IDs%5B%5D=70450&IDs%5B%5D=5628139&IDs%5B%5D=70438&Compare=Compare   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The table above shows user ratings from the ciao website. Recommendations between Dove competitors are tabulated. Though Dove Extra Sensitive Cream Bar had an 86% recommendation ratings, it had the most number of reviews totaling 28 as compared to Imperial leather Original Soap that seconded the list with 18 reviews, a far ten reviews short of Dove. This short sampling will show that there are more Dove users who connect to the internet as compared to the other products.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dove moves forward in its goal to build a strategic global ‘master’ brand. Backed by Unilever’s expertise in product branding, Dove with its good quality material for hygiene and beauty preservation will continue to focus on making their brand lead by promoting the value of their brand as against the price of the soap.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Dove was an instant hit, generating $55 million in sales its first six months, per Information Resources Inc. This year, sales climbed to $79 million for the 52 weeks ended April 22. Dove’s current market share stands at 4.7%, equal that of Procter and Gamble’s Old Spice. P&G’s Secret brands still collectively dominate the $1.6 billion category, but have been losing share to Dove. Total Secret sales were $229 million as of April 22, down 8% from $248 million for the year ended Sept. 10, 2000, per IRI.† (Ward, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I have personally using Dove for the past ten years and have been more than twice tempted to try other brands. Though I did try out one or two other brands during such time, I always went back to using Dove because of its simplicity, truthfulness and mission to add social value to a common daily commodity. In a world where brand names are easily communicated with visuals only technology knows how far will go, Dove will remain as a trustworthy partner in my personal health care. References: U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Industry and Trade Out-look ’99.   Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Census Bureau. 1997 Economic Census. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1999. Van Arnum, Patricia. â€Å"Consumer Product Majors Soak in a Renewed Outlook.† Chemical Market Reporter, FR3-5. Ward, John. 2003. Does Market Share Really Apply to Apple? http://www.vectronicsappleworld.com/2003/opinion/0306.html www.ciao.com www.dove.com www.answers.com Dove’s extension into deodorant is a prime example of Unilever’s long-term strategy to build a set of global â€Å"master† brands with new products and heavy marketing support. The launch was backed by more than $30 million in media spending, a level usually reserved for new brands. Dove marketers also wanted to develop a product specifically for women. While a number of existing brands are gender neutral (Ban, Sure) or targeted to men (Brut, Right Guard, Old Spice), not since P&G introduced decades-old Secret has a manufacturer captured the collective attention of the female audience. Preferred language style: English(U.S.) †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Dove Soap (brand I want researched on)†¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨Think about a product you love, that you use all the time. In this first part of the assignment, your goal is to uncover as much research about the brand and it competitors as possible. †¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¨You`ll want to know the history of the brand, the characteristics of the people who buy/use the brand, and everything else possible about it. But don`t forget to look into the competition. What are they doing right? What are they doing wrong? 5 pages 4 sources History Characteristics of its market Competition status What they are doing right? What they are doing wrong?   

Reed v. Reed Striking Down Sex Discrimination

In 1971, Reed v. Reed became the first U.S. Supreme Court case to declare sex discrimination a violation of the 14th Amendment. In Reed v. Reed, the Court held that an Idaho laws unequal treatment of men and women based on sex when selecting administrators of estates was a violation of the Constitutions Equal Protection Clause. Also known as:  REED V. REED, 404 U.S. 71 (1971) Fast Facts: Reed v. Reed Case Argued:  October 19, 1971Decision Issued:  November 22, 1971Petitioner:  Sally Reed (appellant)Respondent:  Cecil Reed (appellee)Key Questions: Did the Idaho Probate Code violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by refusing to let Sally Reed be named administrator of her son’s estate based solely on gender?Unanimous Decision:  Justices Burger, Douglas, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, and BlackmonRuling:  The Idaho Probate Code specifying that males must be preferred to females in appointing administrators of estates was found to be in violation of the 14th Fourteenth Amendment and declared unconstitutional. The Idaho Law Reed v. Reed examined Idaho probate law, which deals with the  administration of an estate after a persons death. The Idaho statutes automatically gave mandatory preference to males over females when there were two competing relatives to administer a deceased persons estate. Idaho Code Section 15-312 listed the classes of persons entitled to administer the estate of one who dies intestate. In order of preference, they were 1. Surviving spouse 2. Children 3. The father or mother 4. The brothers 5. The sisters 6. The grandchildren†¦and so on through next of kin and other legally competent persons.Idaho Code Section 15-314 stated that if there were several persons equally entitled under section 15-312 to administer the estate, such as two persons in category 3 (the father or the mother), then males must be preferred to females, and relatives of the whole to those of the half blood. The Legal Issue Did the Idaho probate law violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment? The Reeds were a married couple who had separated. Their adopted son died of suicide without a will, and an estate of less than $1000.  Both Sally Reed (mother) and Cecil Reed (father) filed petitions seeking appointment as administrator of the sons estate. The law gave preference to Cecil, based on the controlling Idaho statutes that said males must be preferred. The language of the state code was that males must be preferred to females. The case was appealed all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court. The Result In the Reed v. Reed opinion, Chief Justice Warren Burger wrote that the Idaho Code cannot stand in the face of the 14th Amendments command that no State deny the equal protection of the laws to any person within its jurisdiction.  The decision was without dissent.Reed v. Reed was an important case for feminism because it recognized sex discrimination as a violation of the Constitution. Reed v. Reed became the basis of many more decisions that protected men and women from gender discrimination. Idahos mandatory provision preferring males to females reduced the probate court workload by eliminating the need to hold a hearing to determine who was better qualified to administer an estate. The Supreme Court concluded that the Idaho law did not achieve the states objective - the objective of reducing the probate court workload - in a manner consistent with the command of the Equal Protection Clause. The dissimilar treatment based on sex for persons in the same class of section 15-312 (in this case, mothers and fathers) was unconstitutional. Feminists working for the Equal Rights Amendment(ERA) noted that it took more than a century for the Court to recognize that the 14th Amendment protected womens rights. Fourteenth Amendment The 14th Amendment, providing for equal protection under laws, has been interpreted to mean that people in similar conditions must be treated equally.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges†¦of citizens of the United States†¦nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.†Ã‚  It was adopted in 1868, and the  Reed v. Reed  case was the first time the Supreme Court applied it to women as a group. More Background Richard Reed, then 19 years old, committed suicide using his fathers rifle in March of 1967.  Richard was the adopted son of Sally Reed and Cecil Reed, who had separated.  Sally Reed had custody of Richard in his early years, and then Cecil had custody of Richard as a teenager, against the wishes of Sally Reed.  Both Sally Reed and Cecil Reed sued for the right to be the administrator of Richards estate, which had a value of less than $1000.  The Probate Court appointed Cecil as administrator, based on Section 15-314 of Idahos code specifying that males must be preferred to females,  and the court did not consider the issue of capabilities of each parent. Other Discrimination Not at Issue Idaho Code section 15-312 also gave preference to brothers over sisters, even listing them in two separate classes (see numbers 4 and 5 of section 312). Reed v. Reed explained in a footnote that this part of the statute was not at issue because it did not affect Sally and Cecil Reed. Since the parties had not challenged it, the Supreme Court did not rule on it in this case. Therefore, Reed v. Reed struck down the dissimilar treatment of women and men who were in the same group under section 15-312, mothers and fathers, but did not go so far as to strike down the preference of brothers as a group above sisters. A Notable Attorney One of the lawyers for appellant Sally Reed was Ruth Bader Ginsburg, who later became the second female justice on the Supreme Court.  She called it a turning point case. The other chief lawyer for the appellant was Allen R. Derr.  Derr was the son of Hattie Derr, Idahos first female state Senator (1937). Justices The sitting Supreme Court Justices, who found without dissent for the appellant, were  Ã‚  Hugo L. Black, Harry A. Blackmun, William J. Brennan Jr., Warren E. Burger (who wrote the Courts decision), William O. Douglas, John Marshall Harlan II, Thurgood Marshall, Potter Stewart, Byron R. White.